Cassini has 12 instruments to measure a variety of things:
This instrument will study Saturn's magnetic field and its interactions with the solar wind (flow of ionized gases from the sun), the rings, and the moons of Saturn.
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This instrument will study Saturn's magnetic environment and measure the interactions between the magnetosphere of Saturn (a magnetic "bubble" surrounding the planet) and the solar wind.
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This instrument will measure the ultraviolet energy from atmospheres, satellite surfaces, and rings in order to study their structure, chemistry, and composition.
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This instrument will explore the plasma (electrically charged gas) within and near Saturn's magnetic field.
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This instrument will investigate the plasma waves generated by ionized gases flowing out from the Sun or around Saturn, natural emissions of radio energy, and dust.
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This instrument will study ice and dust grains in and near the Saturn system.
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This instrument will measure the infrared energy from the surfaces, atmosphere, and rings of Saturn and its moons in order to study their temperature and compositions.
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This instrument will identify the chemical composition of the surfaces, atmospheres, and the rings of Saturn and its moons. The INMS was built by the same people who built the Huygens GCMS - NASA's Atmospheric Experiment Branch.
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This instrument will map Titan's surface using radar and passive microwave imagery.
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This instrument will take pictures in visible, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared light.
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This instrument will search for gravitational waves in the universe and study the atmosphere, rings, and gravity fields of Saturn and its moons.
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This instrument will use visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan.
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The information we obtain from the Cassini-Huygens mission will enrich our understanding of a variety of subjects, including biology, atmospheric chemistry and phsyics, climatology, volcanism, tectonics, and the physics of disc systems, to name a few areas.